This case study by Prof. William Hsiao and Maria Joachim provides a concise explanation of the roles of the private sector in public health care by organizing private sector activities into different types. The case examines the evidence of the contributions, if any, that the private sector has made for public interest. The case goes on to present vexing health policy problems confronted by three nations, Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana, and asks whether these nations can be better off by leveraging the private sector to deliver public health services.